Level of Decision Making 決策層級
Strategic decisions 戰略決策
- Made by senior managers, possibly at board level 由高級管理人員做出決策（可能為董事會級別）
- Require information which is external, qualitative, highly summarized. 需要外部、定性、高度總結的信息
- Is longer term. 長期的
- Sets main aims and objectives of an organization. 為組織設置主要的目標和宗旨。
Tactical decisions 戰術決策
- Made by middle- managers 由中層管理做出決策
- Require information which is both external and internal, quantitative and qualitative, summarized. 需要包括外部和內部的、定性和定量、總結了的信息。
- Assist in the achievement of strategic objectives. 協助實現戰略目標
Operational Desions 運營決策
- Made by the lowest level of management and relate to day-to-day operations. 由最低層級的管理做出，通常與每日運營相關
- Require information which is internal, quantitative and detailed. 需要內部的、定量和詳細的信息
- Plans are daily or weekly. 每日或每週計劃
- Day-to-day decisions such as ordering new stock. 每日決策，例如訂購新庫存
Business Information Systems (BIS) 商業信息系統
A system is a group of related procedures for a specific business function. It processes transforms input into accurate, meaningful business information. 系统是一组用于特定业务功能的相关程序。它负责将输入转化为准确、有意义的业务信息。
- Procedures - the policies that govern the operation of a computer system and define the tasks that must be performed by users, managers, and IS staff. 程序 - 管理计算机系统操作并定义用户、管理人员和 IS 员工必须执行的任务的政策。
- Data is basic facts that are the system's raw material 数据是系统原材料的基本事实
- Information is either produced directly or derived from data 資訊要麼直接產生，要麼從數據中得出
Types of BIS
Information systems differ in their business needs and the information varies depending upon different levels in organization Information system can be broadly categorized into following 資訊系統的業務需求不同，資訊依組織的不同層級而不同資訊系統大致可分為以下幾類：
- Strategic decisions: Executive Support Systems (ESS) 行政支援系統 (ESS)
Tactical decisions:
- Decision Support Systems (DSS) 決策支援系統
- Management Information Systems (MIS) 管理信息系統
- Operational decisions: Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 事務處理系統
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
TPS collect and store data about transactions and control some aspects of transactions.
TPS 收集和存储有关交易的数据，并控制交易的某些方面。- A transaction is an event of interest to the organization.
交易是对组织感兴趣的事件。
- A transaction is an event of interest to the organization.
TPS serve the most elementary day-to-day activities of an organization
TPS 服务于组织最基本的日常活动。- Mostly for predefined, structured tasks
主要用于预定义的、结构化的任务。
- Mostly for predefined, structured tasks
TPS have high volumes of input and output
TPS 具有高输入和输出量。- supplies data for higher-level management decisions
为更高层次的管理决策提供数据。
- supplies data for higher-level management decisions
- TPS are often tied to other systems such as the inventory system which tracks stock supplies and triggers reordering when stocks get low
TPS 通常与其他系统相连，例如库存系统，它跟踪库存供应并在库存低时触发重新订购。 Example
示例- payroll system; production instructions, processing of orders, shipments, and receipt.
工资系统；生产指令、订单处理、发货和收据。
- payroll system; production instructions, processing of orders, shipments, and receipt.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
MIS condense and convert TPS data into information for monitoring performance and managing an organization.
MIS 将 TPS 数据浓缩并转换为信息，以便监控绩效和管理组织。- Large quantities of input data are analyzed, and summary reports are produced as output.
大量输入数据被分析，并生成汇总报告作为输出。
- Large quantities of input data are analyzed, and summary reports are produced as output.
- They support middle managers in structured decision making that can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of business operations.
它们支持中层管理人员进行结构化决策，从而提高业务运营的有效性和效率。 Examples
示例- Sales management systems
销售管理系统 - Budgeting systems
预算系统 - Human resource management system
人力资源管理系统
- Sales management systems
Decision Support System (DSS)
- DSS support middle / top managers to make unstructured decisions by analyzing / modelling the data and providing possible solutions to the managers for comparison.
DSS 支持中层/高层管理人员通过分析/建模数据来做出非结构化决策，并为管理人员提供可供比较的解决方案。 Examples
示例- Financial planning systems
财务规划系统 - Bank loan management systems
银行贷款管理系统
- Financial planning systems
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
- To answer questions that involve looking at the details below a summary, the manager uses a process called drilling down.
为了回答涉及查看汇总以下细节的问题，管理人员使用一种称为“深入挖掘”的过程。 Example:
示例:- A manager can start with sales by region, break that down to sales by office, and then get the details by product line. Once the problem has been identified, the manager can concentrate their effort on correcting the problem.
管理人员可以从按地区的销售开始，将其细分为按办公室的销售，然后获取按产品线的详细信息。一旦问题被识别，管理人员可以集中精力纠正问题。
- A manager can start with sales by region, break that down to sales by office, and then get the details by product line. Once the problem has been identified, the manager can concentrate their effort on correcting the problem.
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
- Group DSS emphasize both the use of communications and decision models.
群体决策支持系统（GDSS）强调通信和决策模型的使用。 - Interactive computer-based systems could facilitate the solution of problems by decision-makers working together as a group.
互动式计算机系统可以促进决策者作为一个群体共同解决问题。 - Groupware supports electronic communication, scheduling, document sharing, and other group productivity and decision support enhancing activities.
群件支持电子通信、日程安排、文档共享以及其他提高小组生产力和决策支持的活动。