Business Process

Business Management and Marketing

The process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities of employees and combining them with other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently.
规划、组织、指导和控制员工活动的过程，并将其与其他资源结合以有效和高效地实现组织目标。

Effective Managers
有效的管理者

• Managers are responsible for business performance and effectiveness.
  管理者对业务绩效和有效性负责。
• Managers are accountable to all key stakeholders.
  管理者对所有关键利益相关者负责。

Functions Performed By Managers

管理者执行的职能

• Planning: Defining business goals and establishing an overall strategy for achieving them.
  规划：定义业务目标并建立实现目标的整体战略。
• Organizing and Staffing: Defining the relationship among resources including materials, staff, and financial backing.
  组织和人员配置：定义资源之间的关系，包括材料、员工和财务支持。
• Directing: Ordering work tasks and even motivating teams to contribute to the organization.
  指导：安排工作任务，甚至激励团队为组织做出贡献。

• Controlling
  控制

  • Establishing performance standards.
    建立绩效标准。
  • Comparing actual performance with planned performance.
    将实际绩效与计划绩效进行比较。
  • Reviewing and making adjustments.
    审查并进行调整。

Mission Statement (Top-level)

使命声明（高层）

• It defines an organization’s goals.
  它定义了组织的目标。

  • What does the organization do for its customers?
    组织为客户做了什么？
  • What does the organization do for its employees?
    组织为员工做了什么？
  • What does the organization do for its owner?
    组织为所有者做了什么？

Strategy Formulation

战略制定

Creation of strategies to meet goals at all levels, responsive to new challenges and new needs.
制定策略以满足各级目标，响应新挑战和新需求。

• Set Strategic Goals
  设定战略目标
• Analyze the Organization & Analyze the Environment
  分析组织与环境
• Match the Organization and its Environment
  使组织与环境相匹配
• Formulate Strategy
  制定战略

Marketing

市场营销

• The process of planning and implementing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.
  规划和实施理念、定价、促销和分销的过程，以创造满足个人和组织目标的交换。

  • An exchange takes place when two parties give something of value to each other to satisfy their needs.
    当两个当事方互相交换有价值的东西以满足彼此的需求时，交换就发生了。

• Developing a marketing strategy
  制定市场营销策略

  • Identifies a potential target market of consumers through market segmentation.
    通过市场细分识别潜在的目标消费市场。
  • Analyzes the needs of the identified target market by marketing research.
    通过市场研究分析所识别目标市场的需求。
  • Creates a marketing mix to satisfy the target market.
    创建营销组合以满足目标市场。

Marketing Mix (The 4P’s of Marketing)

营销组合（市场营销的4P）

• Product:
  产品

  • What are the functions of the product?
    产品的功能是什么？
  • What are the unique selling points?
    产品的独特卖点是什么？
• Price: What are the affordable prices of different target markets?
  价格：不同目标市场的可承受价格是多少？
• Place: How to distribute the products to the customers?
  地点：如何将产品分发给客户？

• Promotion:
  促销

  • How to attract/motivate the customers?
    如何吸引/激励客户？
  • How to communicate with the customers?
    如何与客户沟通？

Accounting

Accounting is concerned primarily with the measurement and communication of financial information to aid decisions and control in a variety of business and other organizations.
会计主要关注财务信息的测量和传达，以帮助各种企业和其他组织的决策和控制。

• Trial Balance: Internal report that lists the balances of all accounts that are related to assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, gains, losses, etc.
  试算表：列出与资产、负债、收入、费用、收益、损失等相关的所有账户余额的内部报告。

Role of Accounting

会计的角色

Recording Accounting Data

记录会计数据
Businesses need to record cash received and paid out. They will also record goods bought and sold, items bought to use rather than to sell, etc.
企业需要记录收到和支付的现金。他们还将记录购买和销售的商品，以及用于使用而非销售的物品等。

Classifying and Summarizing

分类和总结

• Recorded data must be sorted out so as to be most useful to the business.
  记录的数据必须被分类，以便对企业最有用。
• It will be possible to work out how much profit or loss has been made by the business during a particular period.
  可以计算出企业在特定时期内的利润或损失。
• It will also be possible to show what resources are owned by the business, and what is owed by it.
  还可以显示企业拥有的资源以及其所欠的债务。

Communicating Information

传递信息
It reflects business performance and what the strengths and weaknesses of the business are.
它反映了企业的绩效以及企业的优势和劣势。

Supply Chain

All activities that occur between the growing or mining of raw materials and the appearance of finished products on the store shelf.
从原材料的种植或开采到成品在商店货架上出现之间发生的所有活动。

Supply Chain Management (SCM) from raw materials to consumer.
供应链管理（SCM）从原材料到消费者。

Examples of Supply Chain Processes

供应链过程的示例

Materials Management

物料管理

• To ensure materials are available for production, and products are available for delivery to customers.
  确保生产所需的材料和交付给客户的产品可用。
• To maintain the lowest possible material and product levels in store.
  保持仓库中材料和产品的最低库存水平。
• To plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules, and purchasing activities.
  规划制造活动、交付时间表和采购活动。

Logistics

物流
To analyze and manage the status and make forecasts about the supply chain.
分析和管理供应链的状态并进行预测。

Customer Relationship Management

To manage all data relating to a customer to improve the quality of the interaction. Example of CRM – Odoo CRM
管理与客户相关的所有数据，以提高互动的质量。CRM 的一个示例是——Odoo CRM

Examples of CRM Processes

CRM 过程的示例

• One-to-One Marketing: It emphasizes personalized interactions with customers that build greater customer loyalty.
  一对一营销：强调与客户的个性化互动，以建立更大的客户忠诚度。
• Sales Force Automation: It automates business tasks such as tracking of customer interactions/history and analyzing sales forecasts and performance.
  销售自动化：自动执行业务任务，如跟踪客户互动/历史记录和分析销售预测及绩效。
• Call Center Automation: It improves efficiency by screening qualified target customers from a large volume of customers (cold calling).
  呼叫中心自动化：通过从大量客户（冷拨）中筛选合格的目标客户来提高效率。